![]() Abroms, Sc. D, Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University, School of Public Health and Health Services, 2. K St., NW, suite 7. The research team is testing whether providing program content via mobile phones increases long-term tobacco abstinence among participants in a best-practices Web-based smoking cessation intervention. This project is currently. Coverage For Tobacco Use Cessation Treatments (updated May 2014) This updated 2014 document provides an overview of the evidence base for tobacco cessation insurance coverage, best practices for designing cessation coverage. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit i Smoking Cessation Interventions for Youth: A Review of the Literature Smoking Cessation Interventions or Youthf A Review of the Literature Ravinder Gabble Alexey Babayan Emily DiSante Robert. Reducing Tobacco Use and Secondhand Smoke Exposure: Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs Task Force Finding. The Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends comprehensive tobacco control programs based on strong.
Washington DC 2. 00. Email: ude. uwg@neiro. LThe publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Am J Prev Med. Commissioner Reginald E. Jones was appointed by Chairman Gilbert F. Casellas to head the Task Force to study best equal employment opportunity policies, programs, and practices of private sector employers. See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Abstract. Background. With the proliferation of smartphones such as the i. ![]() Phone, mobile phones are being used in novel ways to promote smoking cessation. Purpose. This study set out to examine the content of the 4. Phone applications (apps) for smoking cessation that were distributed through the online i. Tunes store, as of June 2. Methods. Each app was independently coded by two reviewers for their (1) approach to smoking cessation and their (2) adherence to the U. S. Public Health Service’s 2. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. Apps were also coded for their (3) frequency of downloads. Results. Apps identified for smoking cessation were found to have low levels of adherence to key guidelines in the index. Few, if any, apps recommended or linked the user to proven treatments such as pharmacotherapy, counseling, and/or a quitline. Conclusionsi. Phone apps for smoking cessation rarely adhere to established guidelines for smoking cessation. It is recommended that current apps be revised and future apps be developed around evidence- based practices for smoking cessation. Introduction. Mobile phones have shown some promise in helping people quit smoking and modifying other health behaviors. Most of these phone- based interventions have relied on the text- messaging feature of mobile phones and consisted of a series of short, and sometimes interactive, set of text messages that guide a person through the process of behavior change. However, with the proliferation of smartphones, there are new possibilities for using mobile phones as tools for health promotion. Smartphones have powerful operating systems that can run computer programs or applications (“apps”), in addition to the standard features of mobile phones. Among smartphones, the i. Phone is notable because since its release in 2. Phone operating system and distribute them to the public through a common online website, the Apple i. Tunes store. To date, the Apple i. Tunes store has released over 1. Phone apps, which have been downloaded by consumers over three billion times. Of the applications that have been released, 2. Few studies have examined the content quality of i. Phone applications for a given health behavior or condition. This study examines the content of existing i. Phone apps as they apply to smoking cessation. Of interest is the degree to which these apps adhere to established best practices in smoking cessation, their popularity among i. Phone users, and the relationship between these variables. Methods. A list of applications was collected on June 2. Power Search function of i. Tunes version 8. 1, available for download at www. The search was restricted to apps compatible with the i. Phone. The phrases “quit smoking”, “stop smoking”, and “smoking cessation” were used as search queries. The search initially identified 6. Apps that included a basic and deluxe version were counted as separate apps in the event that they might differ in their smoking cessation attributes. Of the 6. 2 apps, 1. Tunes store indicated that were irrelevant for reducing or quitting smoking (e. Four were eventually removed from the sample because they were no longer in the i. Tunes store at the time of downloading; One app was removed because the basic and deluxe versions proved to be identical. The final sample consisted of 4. Phone and analyzed. Each app was coded for its primary approach to smoking cessation, based on categories identified by the National Tobacco Cessation Collaborative. Apps were categorized into: (1) “calculators” that generally tracked dollars saved and health benefits accrued over time since quitting, (2) “calendars” that generally tracked days until and after the quit date, (3) “hypnosis” that used hypnosis techniques for smoking cessation, (4) “rationing” that limited the numbers of cigarettes and/or the time in which cigarettes could be smoked, or (5) “other” for apps that did not primarily fit into one of these categories or used multiple categories. Each app was independently categorized by two coders with no disagreement between coders. Apps were also coded for their level of adherence to the U. S. Public Health Service’s 2. Clinical Practice Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. To measure adherence to the Clinical Practice Guidelines, an index of 2. Bock et al. 1. 2 While guidelines developed for a clinical setting may not be appropriate for a mobile- phone app, the Clinical Practice Guidelines were used because they are a leading set of guidelines, have been successfully applied in past to computer- mediated smoking cessation programs. The items included in the adherence index are shown on the left side of Table 2. Each app was independently coded by two reviewers on each of the 2. A 3 indicated that the feature was fully present, and a 0 indicated that it was not present at all. For example, for the guideline to “recommend the use of approved medications”, apps that did not mention any approved medications received a score of 0, while apps that made a weak recommendation for approved medications received a score of 1, a clear recommendation received a score of 2, and a clear and strong recommendation received a score of 3. The two coders were found to be in agreement 8. Where coding scores differed by 1 point (9. Where coding scores differed by 2 or more points (3. LA) was used to resolve differences. The maximum possible score on the index was 6. Percentage of Apps (and Numbers of Apps) Exhibiting Strong Adherence to Guidelines, Rank Ordered by Guideline. Popularity was measured by looking on July 2. Information about downloads was obtained from the i. Tunes store using the i. Tunes basic search function. For a given search term, this search function lists apps by name and provides information about each app, including “Popularity”, a measure of downloads since the app was released, which is depicted with vertical bars. Because of the design of this search function, searches can be obtained for only one search term at a time (e. Levels of downloads are updated daily with information from the previous day’s downloads (i. Tunes Store Customer Support, Apple, personal communication to Dr. Abroms, 3/3/2. 01. A search was conducted for the term, “quit smoking”, which had originally retrieved the highest number of apps. This search identified 5. A count was made of the vertical bars under the “Popularity” header associated with each of the apps in the sample. These values, which ranged from 1 to 3. Results. The characteristics of the 4. Table 1. The mean adherence index score for all apps in the sample was 7. The mean price for an app was $1. Most apps used a calculator approach (3. Of the apps that were categorized as using an “other” approach (n=1. Phone as a substitute for real ones (n=2), used visualization techniques to remove the pleasant associations of smoking (n=2), provided a way to connect to support for quitting (n=1), and provided a mix of various approaches (n=3). All deluxe versions of apps were found to have the same total adherence score as the basic versions (n=8), in spite of the fact that the deluxe versions offered additional features and charged more. Characteristics of Smoking Cessation Apps, Rank Ordered by Adherence Index Score. To understand which guidelines were strongly followed across apps, an analysis was conducted where only apps that earned adherence scores of 2 or higher for a particular guideline—indicating the feature was “mostly” or “fully” present—were included (See Table 2). This analysis indicates that on average, only 1. SD=1. 3. 6) of apps strongly followed a given guideline, and that of app types, calculator apps were most successful in adhering to the guidelines while calendar apps were least successful. None of the apps were found to have strongly followed the guidelines to: ask a user for their tobacco use status, assess their willingness to quit, arrange for a follow- up, recommend the use of approved medications, and recommend the use of counseling and medication to quit smoking. Also noteworthy was that only 4. Quitline and only 8. On the other end of the spectrum, one in four apps strongly followed the guideline to enhance motivation by discussing the rewards associated with quitting, often by presenting personalized information on the health benefits and money saved associated with quitting (See Figure 1 for an example). Quit – Stop Smoking Counter: Example of a calculator app that provided the user with a personalized readout on health and monetary savings based on an entered quit date and quantity of cigarettes smoked per day. In addition to adherence to recommended practices, of interest was the popularity of smoking cessation apps, as measured by the relative frequency of app downloads associated with the search term “quit smoking” (n=3. Of apps in the current sample, the top 5 downloaded apps in rank order were: Electric Smoke, Custom Hypnosis PLUS, Days Until, Daily Tracker: Track Life, and Big Day Event Countdown. These 5 apps—which were largely calendar (6. Overall, a slight negative correlation was observed whereby apps that were more frequently downloaded were less likely to be adherent (R=. From this restricted analysis (n=2. Custom Hypnosis PLUS, Quit Smoking Now with Max Kirsten, My Stop Smoking Coach with Allen Carr, and Quit Smoking—Cold Turkey (Lite Version). These apps accounted for three fourths of downloads of apps which were specific to quitting smoking in the current sample. The top 2 apps, which were both hypnosis apps—- Custom Hypnosis PLUS and Quit Smoking Now with Max Kirsten—accounted for over half (5. These apps consisted of audio recordings (2.
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Set within the fictional Liberty City (based on New York City), the single- player story follows a war veteran, Niko Bellic and his attempts to escape his past while under pressure from loan sharks and mob bosses. The open world design lets players freely roam Liberty City, consisting of three main islands. The game is played from a third- person perspective and its world is navigated on- foot or by vehicle. Throughout the single- player mode, players play as Niko Bellic. An online multiplayer mode is included with the game, allowing up to 3. As part of their research for the open world, the developers conducted field research around New York throughout development and captured footage for the design team. Development duties were shared between many of Rockstar's studios worldwide. Following its announcement in May 2. Grand Theft Auto IV was widely anticipated. 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This patch for Grand Theft Auto IV fixes a handful of minor bugs found in the PC version of Rockstar. Softonic uses the rating systems by PEGI and ESRB. To view this website, please verify your age. The latest update/patch for Grand Theft Auto IV on Games for Windows LIVE can be downloaded from the. Grand Theft Auto IV broke industry sales records and became the fastest- selling entertainment product in history at the time, earning US $3. US $5. 00 million in its first week. Considered one of the most significant titles of the seventh generation of video games, and by many critics as one of the greatest video games of all time, it won year- end accolades, including Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications. Its successor, Grand Theft Auto V, was released in September 2. Gameplay. It is possible to have several active missions running at one time, as some missions require players to wait for further instructions or events. 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The wanted meter enters a cooldown mode and eventually recedes when players are hidden from the officers' line of sight. Individual body parts can also be targeted. Body armour can be used to absorb gunshots and explosive damage, but is used up in the process. When health is entirely depleted, gameplay stops, and players respawn at the nearest hospital. During the story, Niko meets various new characters, many of whom he befriends. These characters can then perform favours for Niko whenever he asks; for example, his cousin Roman, who owns a taxi service, can send one of his cabs to Niko and take him to any destination around the city. Cabs are always available during gameplay, allowing players to quickly travel to a destination. Throughout the course of the game, players are also faced with morality choices, which alter the storyline appropriately depending on the player's choice. 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Upon arrival, however, Niko discovers that Roman's tales of riches and luxury were lies concealing struggles with gambling debts and loan sharks, and that Roman lives in a dirty apartment rather than a mansion. Niko was forced to work for Vlad to settle Roman's debts but ended up killing him after learning that he had slept with Roman's girlfriend, Mallorie. Faustin, not bothered by the murder of Vlad, hires Niko. When Niko truthfully denies the allegation, a firefight ensues, allowing Dimitri and Bulgarin to escape. Niko confronts Darko and decides his fate. He targets Niko, but ends up killing Niko's girlfriend, Kate. In one preview, a player knocked an NPC out of a window and the character grabbed onto a ledge to stop himself from falling. Not just in terms of graphics, which obviously we are achieving, but in terms of all aspects of the design. It's to reference the actual place itself. A special edition of the game was also released for both the Play. Station 3 and Xbox 3. The Clips interface is used to capture game footage. On 6 August 2. 00. Rockstar announced that a Microsoft Windows version of Grand Theft Auto IV was in development by Rockstar North and Rockstar Toronto. It utilised Games for Windows - Live for online play. These two episodes were first released separately, exclusively on Xbox Live. They were later released together as part of a standalone game, titled Grand Theft Auto: Episodes From Liberty City, which does not require the original game to play. The second expansion, titled Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony, was released on 2. October 2. 00. 9. The compilation was released on Play. Station 3, Xbox 3. Windows on 2. 6 October 2. North America, and 2. October in Europe. Liberty City is serviced by 1. The other stations feature music from a large range of genres, including tracks from Genesis, David Bowie, Bob Marley, The Who, Queen, Kanye West and Elton John. In other games in the series, each radio station was essentially a single looped sound file, playing the same songs, announcements and advertisements in the same order each time. With the radio stations in Grand Theft Auto IV, each sound file is held separately, and sequenced randomly, allowing songs to be played in different orders, announcements to songs to be different each time, and plot events to be mentioned on the stations. Certain songs are also edited to incorporate references to the fictional Liberty City. The disc contains several soundtrack selections. Several artists re- recorded their songs to make references to in- game locations. Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating in the 0. Seth Schiesel of The New York Times named the city the . He wrote that the city . IGN's Goldstein accepted that the darker tones to the story, a break from series tradition. Jon Hicks of Official Xbox Magazine felt surprised by the amount of depth to the story. UP. com's Boyer felt that they gave the game an element of . Reviewers praised the game's story and characters, commending the morality choices faced by players. The game's characters. Goldstein of IGN praised the actors' performances and the use of licensed music. Game. Spot's Calvert and Games. Radar's Walter also commended the licensed music, the latter admiring the humour of the radio's talk stations. Metacritic calculated an average score of 9. Game. Zone's Hopper considered the visuals an improvement over the original versions. It received several Game of the Year awards, from gaming media outlets such as Spike TV. Figures including George Galloway, Jack Thompson and Hillary Clinton have criticised the game, as have organisations including New York City officials and Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). The unedited version was subsequently given an R1. New Zealand. According to police, the teens claimed that they were . The Liberty City in Grand Theft Auto IV is different from its previous renditions. The game that is rated higher than Grand Theft Auto IV is The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. The games that are rated higher than the console versions of Grand Theft Auto IV are Super Mario Galaxy, Super Mario Galaxy 2 and The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. Microsoft Windows, Play. Station 3 and Xbox 3. New York: Take- Two Interactive. Archived from the original on 1. September 2. 01. 4. Retrieved 1. 4 September 2. Archived from the original on 1. September 2. 01. 4. Retrieved 1. 9 January 2. October 2. 00. 7)^ abc. Rockstar North (2. April 2. 00. 8). Play. Station 3 and Xbox 3. Niko: Why don't you show me around the city? There's been a big scare and you can't go across the bridges so good. Retrieved 4 March 2. Retrieved 2. 6 July 2. Retrieved 2. 3 February 2. Retrieved 1. 7 November 2. Retrieved 1. 7 November 2. Archived from the original on 1. July 2. 01. 1. Retrieved 1. October 2. 00. 8. Ziff Davis, Games (2. April 2. 00. 8). Retrieved 2. August 2. 01. 3. Archived from the original on 7 June 2. Retrieved 3. 0 January 2. Retrieved 2. 7 September 2. Archived from the original on 6 July 2. Retrieved 2. 5 September 2. Xbox. 36. 0Achievements. Retrieved 2. 5 September 2. Archived from the original on 1. May 2. 01. 1. Retrieved 1. May 2. 00. 8. Retrieved 1. October 2. 00. 8. London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1. 2 November 2. Retrieved 1 November 2. Computer and Video Games. 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Programming the ENIAC took up to two months. Function tables were connected to function panels using heavy black cables. Each function table had 7. Programming the ENIAC also involved setting some of the 3,0. Debugging a program took a week. Different sets of accumulators could simultaneously work on different algorithms. It used punched card machines for input and output, and it was controlled with a clock signal. It ran for eight years, calculating hydrogen bomb parameters, predicting weather patterns, and producing firing tables to aim artillery guns. The Manchester Small- Scale Experimental Machine (June 1. Only three bits of memory were available to store each instruction, so it was limited to eight instructions. Later computers. The computer program was written on paper for reference. An instruction was represented by a configuration of on/off settings. After setting the configuration, an execute button was pressed. This process was then repeated. Computer programs also were manually input via paper tape or punched cards. After the medium was loaded, the starting address was set via switches and the execute button pressed. The hardware featured circuits to ease the compile phase. The Model 3. 0 was the smallest and least expensive. Customers could upgrade and retain the same application software. With operating system support, multiple programs could be in memory at once. When one was waiting for input/output, another could compute. Each model also could emulate other computers. Customers could upgrade to the System/3. IBM 7. 09. 4 or IBM 1. Editing source code involves testing, analyzing, refining, and sometimes coordinating with other programmers on a jointly developed program. A person who practices this skill is referred to as a computer programmer, software developer, and sometimes coder. The sometimes lengthy process of computer programming is usually referred to as software development. The term software engineering is becoming popular as the process is seen as an engineering discipline. Programming languages. Two of the main paradigms are imperative and declarative. Imperative languages. Declarative programs omit the control flow and are considered sets of instructions. Two broad categories of declarative languages are functional languages and logical languages. The principle behind functional languages (like Haskell) is to not allow side effects, which makes it easier to reason about programs like mathematical functions. Then each subgoal is defined by further providing a list of its subgoals, etc. If a path of subgoals fails to find a solution, then that subgoal is backtracked and another path is systematically attempted. Compilation and interpretation. Source code may be converted into an executable image by a compiler or executed immediately with the aid of an interpreter. Compilers are used to translate source code from a programming language into either object code or machine code. Compiled computer programs are commonly referred to as executables, binary images, or simply as binaries . The interpreter decodes each statement and performs its behavior. One advantage of interpreters is that they have the ability to generate an interactive session. The programmer is presented with a prompt, and individual lines of code are typed in and performed immediately. The main disadvantage of interpreters is computer programs run slower than when compiled. Interpreting code is slower because the interpreter must decode each statement and then perform it. However, software development may be faster using an interpreter because testing is immediate when the compiling step is omitted. Another disadvantage of interpreters is an interpreter must be present on the executing computer. By contrast, compiled computer programs need no compiler present during execution. Just in time compilers pre- compile computer programs ahead of time and interpret them later. For example, Java computer programs are pre- compiled into a file containing bytecode. Bytecode is then executed by an interpreter called a virtual machine. Either compiled or interpreted programs might be executed in a batch process without human interaction. Batch programming languages are called scripting languages. One common scripting language is Unix shell, and its executing environment is called the command- line interface. No properties of a programming language require it to be exclusively compiled or exclusively interpreted. The categorization usually reflects the most popular method of language execution. For example, BASIC is thought of as an interpreted language and C a compiled language, despite the existence of BASIC compilers and C interpreters. Storage and execution. Upon such a request, the program is loaded into random- access memory, by a computer program called an operating system, where it can be accessed directly by the central processor. The central processor then executes (. A program in execution is called a process. Operating systems may run multiple programs through process scheduling . Multithreading processors are optimized to execute multiple threads efficiently. Self- modifying programs. However, in some cases, this distinction is blurred when a computer program modifies itself. The modified computer program is subsequently executed as part of the same program. Self- modifying code is possible for programs written in machine code, assembly language, Lisp, C, COBOL, PL/1, and Prolog. Functional categories. The main functional categories are application software and system software. System software includes the operating system which couples computer hardware with application software. Application software designed for end users have a user interface. Application software not designed for the end user includes middleware, which couples one application with another. Application software also includes utility programs. The distinction between system software and application software is under debate. Application software. It is a clipping of the word . They have been designed for many platforms, but the word was first used for smaller mobile apps. Desktop apps are traditional computer programs that run on desktop computers. Mobile apps run on mobile devices. Web apps run inside a web browser. Both mobile and desktop apps may be downloaded from the developers' website or purchased from app stores such as Windows Store, Apple App Store, Mac App Store, Google Play or Intel App. Up. An application suite consists of multiple applications bundled together. Examples include Microsoft Office, Libre. Office and i. Work. They bundle a word processor, spreadsheet, and other applications. Enterprise applications bundle accounting, personnel, customer, and vendor applications. Examples include enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, and supply chain management software. Enterprise infrastructure software supports the enterprise's software systems. Examples include databases, email servers, and network servers. Information worker software are designed for workers at the departmental level. Examples include time management, resource management, analytical, collaborative and documentation tools. Word processors, spreadsheets, email and blog clients, personal information system, and individual media editors may aid in multiple information worker tasks. Media development software generates print and electronic media for others to consume, most often in a commercial or educational setting. These produce graphics, publications, animations, and videos. Product engineering software is used to help develop large machines and other application software. Examples includes computer- aided design (CAD), computer- aided engineering (CAE), and integrated development environments. Entertainment Software can refer to video games, movie recorders and players, and music recorders and players. Utility programs. If less fortunate, a memory printout was made for further study. The boot process is to identify and initialize all aspects of the system, from processor registers to device controllers to memory contents. |
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